Using a sample from a large diversified company, this study examines the influence processes of transformational leadership (TFL) at both the individual and group levels concurrently and explores cross-level relationships. Results showed that, at the individual level, followers' personal identification with the leader mediated the effects of individual-focused TFL behavior on individual performance and empowerment. At the group level, group identification mediated the effect of group-focused TFL behavior on collective efficacy. Results also supported two cross-level effects from the group level to the individual level. The paper addresses the implications for leaders of motivating individuals and teams, at the same time.

The 2008 ' credit crisis' brought to attention that business and finance operate in open-complex systems. In contrast, the period leading up to the crisis was dominated by narrower thinking developed from the idea that business was about economics and that management concerned agency. This paper revisits ideas first developed in the late 1990s that arose from the observation that business was confronting interacting ' systems.' The main systems were around (sustainable) development, the internationalization of business and a set of social and cultural concerns resulting from globalization. The paper anticipated the collapse of parts of the economic system as a result of hyper-competition. It points to the growing significance of ' identity' and its potential to create a ' clash of values.' It concludes by suggesting that as we enter this ' systems age' our models and assumptions around the boundaries of companies and the idea of companies and stakeholders would be severely challenged